Railroads in Saudi Arabia

Statement of the Problem Saudi Arabia has already developed transportation and communication networks to experience long-term economic growth, expand business, connect national citizen with foreigners, decrease congestion, and ensure more facilities for the people of KSA and tourists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Railroads in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Library of congress (2006, p.17) reported that the existing railroads remain relatively undeveloped, though demand of rail service is too high in terms of passenger traveling service and cargo handling. In addition, this segment of transportation service remains undeveloped due to lack of long-term initiatives from the private sector and foreign investors. Background The concept of the development of railway transportation networks is a large project in terms of required financial investment, but it is not impossible to implement this project successfully for the private entrepreneurs. This is because Saudi Arabia is the member of World Trade Organization (WTO), which gives the opportunity to the foreign companies to invest and provide technological support for the development of transportation networks; in addition, the policy makers and local investors will be interested in it considering competitive advantage and importance of railway networks. Need Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam and the biggest pilgrimage (religious gatherings) in the world; moreover, all Muslims who are physically able and can afford must make this journey once in a lifetime; therefore, it is the most important priority of the Saudi Arabian Government to ensure flexible, safe, and low cost transportation system for the Muslim World. In addition, the purchasing power of the international customers have reduced due to adverse impact of global economic downturn; therefore, millions of Muslims of the GCC Countries and rest of the world fail to come in KSA to perform the hajj and many pilgrims need to work hard to arrange fund for Airline tickets. At the same time, many old people would like safe journey at low costs, and some of them are not able to find out exact route; as a result, it is essential to develop railroads.Advertising Looking for essay on railway transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Library of congress (2006, p.17) reported that more than 790,000 passengers traveled and carried 1.50 million tons of cargo on Saudi trains in 2001; however, the importance of train service is raising due to development of the future economic position and improvement of urban lifestyle. Benefits This project will help millions of Muslims to undertake Hajj with their limited budget, help government ensure safe journey, and increase number of pilgrims and tourists because this project has capacity to serve $1 million passengers and the price of tra in ticket is lower than airline ticket. On the other hand, this railway transportation network will serve the oil exporter and importer, which will save more than $50 million of local companies like SABIC. Qualifications of Personnel Three entrepreneurs Sara Aldossari, Hind alessia, and Reem are the student of Prince Mohammad Bin Fahad University and major is Finance. However, same educational background helps them coordinate the activities of the project particularly convince investors and other parties of the several contracts. In addition, they will assess financial risks of the projects at the very beginning of the projects, which will reduce hazard in the future to implement their projects. At the same time, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahad University has strong reputation in Saudi Arabia to maintain quality education for all students, and three entrepreneurs are the student of the finance department; therefore, bank and other investors will trust in their proposed plan to develop the Train in Saudi Arabia, as they will design their plan considering Dubai railway service. Sara, Hind, and Reem will research on the entire project-plan and visit location to gather experience about the railway transportation and then they will prepare financial plan, annual report of the project, audit report, remuneration plan, annual budget for different departments and functions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Railroads in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, they will be responsible for monitoring the activities of the employees, communicating with the partners, coordinating the works of several segments, meeting conditions of the banks and other investors, ensuring safe workplace and using capital properly. However, all of them have leadership quality and managerial skills; thus, they will lead the company efficiently, motivate the employees, ensure equal opportunity, arrange tr aining program, and improve diversity management, and so on. Data Sources The main inspiration for this project came from the best railway services in certain European and American countries, as well as in Dubai and Iran. However, this report has used secondary data sources, for instance, Library of Congress (2006) and Reuters (2010), which provided information about the current situation of railway and importance of the future development. At the same time, Carey (2011) described about new project of oil exporter and AME Info (2008) emphasized the activities of Ministry of finance and other related authority. For the primary data sources, a survey was conducted amongst regular train travelers and PMU students to gather information to assess the suitability of this project. About 80% respondent answered â€Å"yes† while they were asked if they would prefer to have separated areas for both men and women for performing Salat while doing a train journey (especially for Hajj pilg rims). Conversely, 75% respondent answered â€Å"yes† against the question that if it is necessary to expand railway services in the country for long-term economic growth. About 82% thought that it is viable to spend a bit more for a service that is extremely speedy, and 89% said that they would spend more for scientifically sophisticated, fuel efficient, comfortable, and elegant rail service. Moreover, 78% said that oil exporters need more railway roads to reduce costs. Limitations and Contingencies The implementation of this project involves a number of legal issues, which may have direct impact on the project, such as it needs to take permission from the Saudi Railways Organization along with the other related authority.Advertising Looking for essay on railway transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, it is a potential business plan, which would require heavy investment, but foreign investors, banks and other local companies may not rely on the junior entrepreneurs because of lack of experience to execute such a large project. Scope This project-plan provides detailed information along with clarification about the duration to execute the plan, project costs, background, key benefits and significant of the projects, facilities for the human resources, budget of the project, implementation process, methods, services, raw materials, compensation plan, feasibility and description of the anticipated outcomes. Proposed Plan: –  Objectives and Methods This project has an objective to develop the railway network of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with other GCC nations. This mainly focuses on the fact that as the Muslims living in the neighboring Islamic nations face great troubles to come to Saudi Arabia to do Hajj, through this highly advanced rail network, it will be far easier and convenient for them to travel to this holy country for doing hajj. However, apart from pilgrims, this rail network will also serve regular travelers or holidaymakers of KSA and the other GCC nations throughout the year. Moreover, this advanced rail network will also be used for business purposes, for example to transport oil between GCC nations or for transportation of other bulky raw materials. Therefore, the entire rail network will have a number of different routes along with numerous trains. It is quite natural that the feature of the passenger trains and the trains for the cargo and bulk materials will have to be quite different. However, all trains will have to be extremely fast, technologically advanced, fuel efficient, luxurious, aesthetically pleasing, and swift. The high- speed passenger trains, for example, will have superb facilities like discussion chambers (which will have facility to hold sixty visitors at a time), satellite communication, internet, la ptops, laser printer, fax, etc. There will also be divine -library of Islamic books, places for having Salat (it is notable that the places for having Salat will be different for men and women), television for broadcasting national channels of Saudi Arabia, consolation –centre, steam- bathe / shower, exercise rooms, exceptional compartment for bodily handicap people, encumbered small cupboard in every coach, numerous phones, and plasma-TV. The passengers will be able to experience the premium and the greatest train journeys of the world; it is noteworthy that all the passenger trains will be Double Decker with electric stairways; moreover, these trains will have numerous restaurants with high and halal foods. However, setting this railway network will require an approval from the governmental authorities supervising rail sector; afterwards, it will be wise to plan the locations and routes and start the construction works; later on, it will be time to recruit workers and train them. In addition to this, the company will follow certain methods and objectives to carry out the operations after establishment; these are formulated in the chart below. It shows that the business has objectives to constantly improve its customer service, safety, and asset management besides of establishing a high performance culture and better planning; a framework (methods) for managing the business is also shown. Figure 1: Methods and objectives for carrying out the operations.  Source: Self generated Conversely, it is important to state that when it will be time to launch the rail service, strong and varied advertising programs will be undertaken for acknowledging people. Apart from of integrated marketing campaigns, programs like special promotional packages and discounts will be available for the passengers for the first six months. Timetable This is relatively a large and complicated project, which needs a long-time to finish initial paper works, get permission, and sta rt business in new routes. At the same time, it should require a long-time for the communication and create agreement with the key investors and suppliers; therefore, the entrepreneurs need to perform many functions simultaneously. However, the business-plan of railway transportation project need place to the board of directors in board meeting for approval of this project and then it would be possible for the initiators to move for getting permission of government authorities, contracting with foreign investors and local oil exporters and arranging bank loan. However, it can assume that bank will take loan-time to scrutinize the documents and approve the project, but we hope bank will give loan considering the benefits of the railway service for long-term economic growth. At the same time, the entrepreneurs have to spend a long-time to get from the kingdom’s government along with other authorities and recruit efficient employees, purchase lands from the owners, and sign agre ement to collect raw materials from the suppliers. In addition, it is difficult task for the junior entrepreneurs to arrange large fund for the business; therefore, they need to impress large companies like Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco), Mass Transit Railway (MTR), Bombardier Transportation Inc, or other local and foreign companies to invest for their projects. Functions Year First week Second week Third week Fourth week The project-plan need approval January 2011 Submitting proposal in board meeting Waiting for the approval Calling last meeting Getting the approval Contact Communicate with local companies and large oil exporter like SABIC or Saudi ARAMCO February Send official offer Send representative for negotiating Waiting to get reply They give feedback Joint venture agreement March Trying to sign joint venture agreement with any large companies within this month April Submit the business-plan to the local Ba nk to get loan May Bank will review the prospect of the business, ask additional documents and take their decision accordingly June Getting Loan July Bank will provide loan for this project Contact with suppliers to sign contract August Contact with raw material suppliers and third party logistics in order to sign agreement Sep Appointing key personnel for different segments October At first, the managers will advertise to recruit suitable staff for the project and they select considering merit of the applicants Nov Completion of recruitment process Dec Appoint the employees and arrange training program to coordinate project tasks Planning 2012 January In order to start construct, engineers will start designing the entire project Purchasing land for the project February Most of the portion of land need to purchase from the government and rest from public March Starting construction projects April Continue construction and infrastructure development to start ope ration Implementation of information technology April The entrepreneurs also incorporate latest software to develop communication system and coordinate the tasks Finishing construction 2013 Dec It would take about 1 year and 8 months to finish the construction Start service for the customers 2014 January From the first week of January 2014, it will provide service for the customer Table 1: Timetable.  Source: Self generated Materials and Equipment As it is a large project, it will require a huge amount of different materials and equipment for construction, like steel rails, cast and forged, steel wire mesh, steel wire, barbed wire, iron wire mesh, stainless steel wire mesh, and steel sheets. In addition, the project building also requires anchors, geotextiles, bolts, other electrical equipment, other heat insulation materials, multifunctional materials, fencing, trellis and gates, spade and shovel, truck accessories, and so on. However, the high- speed trains will not be made at Saudi Arabia, as the train manufacturers here are not so modern scientifically; therefore, all trains are better to buy from Bombardier Transportation, a rail equipment division of Canadian firm Bombardier Inc, which has headquarters in Berlin – this company produces extremely fast, technologically advanced, fuel efficient, luxurious, and aesthetically pleasing trains. It is notable that Bombardier Inc is the best train producer internationally Personnel Once the business has established, many workers will be recruited; this includes engineers, ICT specialists, company bureaucrats, HR manager, accounts and finance manager, research and development team, manager for marketing department, customer service team, individual freelance contractors, day laborers (for regular repair works), brake operators, conductors, yardmasters, drivers, sentries, sweeping laborers, and so on. Available Facilities Both the passenger and the cargo trains will be very speedy, scientifically sophisticated, energy efficient, well- organized, and visually elegant. The passenger trains will have a range of facilities; for example, it will have a separate area where the pilgrims will be able to enlighten themselves with religious books during their leisure. In addition, it will be having facilities like conference rooms, broadband with high bandwidth, computers, telephones, area for Namaz, deluxe washrooms, TVs, separate place for physically disabled people who are not able to travel like normal people, electric staircases, detached lockers, and halal food courts serving traditional and delicious Saudi Arabian dishes. Needed Facilities This large and complex project requires vast range of facilities, like machineries, equipment, explosives (like dynamite), designation, steel supplies, copper ore supplies, iron in bulk, coal, stone in bulk, as well as supply of hi-tech trains. Most importantly, other necessary facilities that are required in a massive amount includes hard wo rk not just from the entrepreneurs, but also from the engineers, government, workers, designers, collaborative companies, several contractors, day labors, explosive expert team, supplier of high- speed transports, and so on. It is important to state that different facilities are needed from different service providers, that is, the engineers of the rail track, government, collaborative companies, contractors, explosive expert team, and supplier of trains, as shown in the table below: Service providers Facilities needed Description of facilities Engineers of the rail track Construct rail tracks Construct rail tracks in the chosen directions; this should involve huge amount of research and discussion with the entrepreneurs, and with the train suppliers. Supplier of trains (Canadian firm Bombardier Inc) Automated, Double Decker, scientifically modern, and high- speed train This would be one of the major attractions of the rail service; the travelers will be able to experience su perior standards. Explosive expert team dealing with dynamites Clear railway routes, in cases where those are uneven or stony It is better to clear stony paths with bombs, as this requires less time. Contractors Construct railroad stations Building stations is compulsory for any rail service; in this case, the facilities of the stations must be of high standard. Government (governmental authorities supervising railway) Give approval Without getting approval from the concerned authorities, it is not possible to start the business. Contractors Create indicator Indicators must be technologically advanced and elegant in terms of visibility and design. Engineers and Contractors Construct railway bridges where necessary These are necessary where building rail tracks along the road is virtually impossible, for example, where rivers or lakes exist. Engineers of the rail track and collaborators Construct subway where necessary These subways will be as competent as it is in case o f any foreign countries, like Dubai. Table 2: Needed Facilities from different service providers of the railway.  Source: Self generated Cost and Budget: Land Subtotal = 1 billion Purchase office 10 million Design Project-Plan 5 million Licensing other contract 30 million Maintenance 25 million Legal cost 5 million Other 25 million Materials and Equipment Subtotal = 4.7 billion Steel related products Wire Iron Ore Geotextile Bolts Electric equipment Train Other 70 million 13 million 1 billion 12 million 10 million 15 million 1.5 billion 1 billion Personnel Signaling staff Expert Staff Fulltime financial Staff Human resource department Research Other employees Subtotal = 1 billion 5 million 50 million 20 million 6 million 4 million 15 million Total Funding Request = $ 6.7 billion Table 3: Cost and Budget.  Source: Self generated Expected Results The pilgrims and other foreign travelers from all the neighboring countrie s as well as the local residents will discover that it is much useful and wise to take a trip in such a rail service, which is pleasant, protected, very rapid, relaxing, and pleasing to the eye. This means that this rail service will be having countless customers on a regular basis. As a result, the profits will be highly impressive on a regular basis. In addition, as the numbers of foreign pilgrims are increasing gradually, this means that year on year, the amount of revenues of the company will keep on increasing steadily giving the business a chance to grow more rapidly, and open up services on new routes as a part of the business expansion strategy. With the retained profit, the company would also try to invest more on its cargo facilities in order to transport crude oil from the other prospective- countries, which will help it to increase the profits further. It is essential to note that besides of helping the business to boost profits, the activities of the company would also keep significant contributions over the economy of the country. Such huge amount of revenues would mean that Saudi Arabia would be having a further raise in the gross domestic product. As a result, the index of per capita income will rise further; this will show that the other economic indicators, like standards of living, for example, are developing. Such positive economic indicators would in turn improve the reputation of the country in front of the world’s superpower nations, showing a strengthening economic position. This business will also keep a positive contribution to the society by providing a great number of job opportunities locally; therefore, the rate of unemployment would lower down as well. Feasibility The rail network will be serving regular travelers both nationally and internationally. As discussed earlier, this project has an objective to develop the railway network of Saudi Arabia with other GCC nations mainly focusing on the fact that as the Muslims livin g in the neighboring Islamic nations face great troubles to come to Saudi Arabia to do Hajj, this highly advanced rail network will make everything easier for them. Considering the fact that most of the foreign travelers will find it more convenient to travel in a train that is nice, safe, high- speed, and comfortable, it seems quite natural that there would be a huge number of customers annually; the following table shows that how the numbers of foreign pilgrims are increasing gradually: Year Number of Pilgrims 1920 – – – 58584 people 1921 – – – 57255 people 1922 – – – 56319 people 1994 – – – 1080465 people 1996 – – – 1168591 people 1997 – – – 1132344 people 1998 – – – 1363992 people 2001 – – – 1534759 people 2005 – – – 1654407 people 2006 – –  œ 1707814 people 2007 – – – 172984 people 2008 – – – 1613000 people 2009 – – – 1799601 people 2010 – – – 1828195 people Table 4: Numbers of foreign pilgrims annually.  Source: Self generated Conclusion If this railway project remains successful, it would be a great achievement as students of Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University. This plan is beneficial because it is not just profitable for the entrepreneurs of the business, but the huge revenues will mean a great contribution for the further development of economic indicators like gross domestic product, per capita income, and living standards. In addition, it would assist the society by creating many employment opportunities for the residents of Saudi Arabia, lowering down the rate of unemployment. Reference List AME Info. (2008). Saudi rail projects begin to move ahead. Web. Carey, G. (2011). Saudis Build Railway to Ease Oil Depend ence. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-11/saudis-lay-2-400-miles-of-rail-to-ease-oil-dependence-freight Library of Congress. (2006). Country Profile of Saudi Arabia. Web. Reuters. (2010). Saudi Arabia opens Chinese-built hajj pilgrimage train. Retrieved from http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2010/11/14/saudi-arabia-opens-chinese-built-haj-pilgrimage-train/ This essay on Railroads in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Brett Buckley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Psycholgy Of Colors

Red is extremely dominating. It Can elevate blood pressure and respiratory rate. It has the effect of stimulating people to make quick decisions and increase expectations. Red is an attention grabber. Restaurants often use red as a decorating scheme because of its appetite stimulant function. but rooms with a red accent can cause people to lose track of time, thus are favored by bars and casinos. resulting in excessive stimulation of the eyes, causing eye irritation. It also speeds metabolism. Paint a room yellow, you will make babies cry and grown-ups lose their tempers in it. Furthermore, yellow is not a good color for notepads and monitor background. Although it can alert our brain and enhance concentration, it is hurtful to our eye. A softer tint, however, will make it more pleasant to look at. Dingy yellow represents caution, decay, sickness, jealousy and duplicity. Choice of shade is important when it comes to yellow. A softer tint, however, will make it more pleasant to look at. Dingy yellow represents caution, Yellow, the cheerful sunny yellow, is an attention getter. It is the most visible color of all the colors, it is the number one attention getter. Yellow is a spiritual color that is a symbol of the deity in many religions. Blue is one of the most popular colors. To American consumers of both genders, blue is the favorite color. However, be careful when using blue in association with food - it is a natural appetite suppressant and can be repulsive in some instances. Blue relaxes our nervous system. It has a sobering effect on the mind and can cause people to be more contemplative, which is the opposite reaction as red. Peaceful, tranquil blue, which is a good color for bedrooms, causes the body to produce calming chemicals. Darker shades of blue, however, can feel cold and depressing. People retain more when reading information written in blue text. Blue represents solitude, sadnes... Free Essays on The Psycholgy Of Colors Free Essays on The Psycholgy Of Colors Red is extremely dominating. It Can elevate blood pressure and respiratory rate. It has the effect of stimulating people to make quick decisions and increase expectations. Red is an attention grabber. Restaurants often use red as a decorating scheme because of its appetite stimulant function. but rooms with a red accent can cause people to lose track of time, thus are favored by bars and casinos. resulting in excessive stimulation of the eyes, causing eye irritation. It also speeds metabolism. Paint a room yellow, you will make babies cry and grown-ups lose their tempers in it. Furthermore, yellow is not a good color for notepads and monitor background. Although it can alert our brain and enhance concentration, it is hurtful to our eye. A softer tint, however, will make it more pleasant to look at. Dingy yellow represents caution, decay, sickness, jealousy and duplicity. Choice of shade is important when it comes to yellow. A softer tint, however, will make it more pleasant to look at. Dingy yellow represents caution, Yellow, the cheerful sunny yellow, is an attention getter. It is the most visible color of all the colors, it is the number one attention getter. Yellow is a spiritual color that is a symbol of the deity in many religions. Blue is one of the most popular colors. To American consumers of both genders, blue is the favorite color. However, be careful when using blue in association with food - it is a natural appetite suppressant and can be repulsive in some instances. Blue relaxes our nervous system. It has a sobering effect on the mind and can cause people to be more contemplative, which is the opposite reaction as red. Peaceful, tranquil blue, which is a good color for bedrooms, causes the body to produce calming chemicals. Darker shades of blue, however, can feel cold and depressing. People retain more when reading information written in blue text. Blue represents solitude, sadnes...

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As he is finishing his thoughts, he attempts to shake off whatever that is by telling himself, It is not that serious at all. Its simply a fantasy to amuse myself; a plaything, but after a short moment he ends with, Yes, maybe it is a plaything, (Dostoevsky, pg. 2). In this quotation the maybe allows a reader to assume that Raskolnikov may, in fact, be considering this thing. The conversation Raskolnikov holds with his self, as he goes back and forth over this issue, shows that he his mind is conflicted. This thought so early in the novel lets us see Raskolnikov is already thinking to himself but is not even sure of his own thoughts. Such indecision over what it now an unmentioned matter sets the tone for this inner-conflict that he struggles with throughout the novel and that nearly consumes him. When the truth of what that is comes out, readers grasp the extremity of the inner-dual of Raskolnikov. That, the murder of an innocent woman, is something truly unimaginable by, what society considers, a rational person. Raskolnikov is endlessly at odds with whether or not this is just an idea formed in his head or if he is willing to commit such an act. In a dream he sees the brutal torture of a horse, which leads to its death. After the dream Raskolnikov wonders how he could even contemplate murder and cursed the thought of it saying, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦My God! Anyway I couldnt bring myself to do it! I couldnt do it, I couldnt do it! (Dostoevsky, pg. 54). Such adamant renouncement of the act is suddenly and easily altered as he strolls upon a conversation where he discovers that Alyona Ivanova, the woman he is thinking of murdering, will be home alone at a certain time. Raskolnikov sees this as fate and completely forgetting about his dream once again alters his mindset and decides to commit the crime. The plot thickens and the clash continues inside the mind of Raskolnikov, as what was once just a plaything grows into a reality. Throughout the novel the reader is able to see the tremendous amount of unsupported pride Raskolnikov holds for himself. Although he lives in what seems to be a slum in St. Petersburg, does not pay his rent, and he has recently dropped out of school, he believes that he is better than those around him. In spite of the level of pride he possesses he is still content to leave his house dressed as though he has no regard for his appearance. With that said, in explaining an article that he wrote, he says, I simply hinted that an extraordinary man has the rightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that is not an official right, but an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea, (Dostoevsky, pg. 226) whatever that idea may be. He feels that he is so superior to others that he even has the right to take the life of another human being, though he adds, sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity, (Dostoevsky, pg. 226). He attempts to validate his point by saying that it is more reasonable for a superior being to break the law when the act benefits all of society. This allows the reader to see that his mind is clearly mixed up. He believes that he is superior, though he does nothing to prove it. His sole claim to fame is this article that was published in a newspaper and that does not contain his signature, only his initials. One of the most significant views of Raskolnikovs dueling personalities can be seen through his interaction with others. The moral-psychological traits of his character incorporate this antinomy between instinctive kindness, sympathy, and pityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Unkown). Theses are the words of a law student who explains that when acting on instinct Raskolnikov is kind, sympathetic and has pity for others. While he can often be extremely compassionate for those around him his admitted feeling of superiority over others leads him to the mistreatment of them as well as his delusional ideal mentioned in his article On Crime. The compassion he shows is frequently counteracted, because after performing an act of kindness Raskolnikov is often upset at himself for doing the deed. What a stupid thing Ive done, they have Sonia and I want it myself, (Dostoevsky, pg. 23) Raskolnikov says this after he leaves some money, which he does not have much of, for a friend and his poor family. This shows h is feeling of regret for doing what is clearly a good deed. Later, he shows regret after protecting a drunken young girl who is being pursued by an older man. The fact that Raskolnikov is not able to make what he sees as quality decisions in spur of the moment situations can be attributed to the confusion at play in his mind and the insanity it is causing. His personality is always at odds and Dostoevsky uses the continual shifting in his characters head to show this. Raskolnikovs idea that he is superior is disproved not by his actions but by the regret he has for making decisions that seem to be rational. In the weeks following Raskolnikovs crime his mental condition deteriorates even more. After many days of sick sleep he is surrounded by many of the people he knows and some he does not know. Raskolnikov finds that he actually feels he is wrong for what he did. The conflict in his head shifts from the decision of whether or not to take the life of the pawnbroker, to whether or not he should confess to his crime. However, Raskolnikovs beliefs are undermined by the guilt and illness he experiences after the murder, creating a split in which he desires to alleviate his guilt and also desires to affirm himself as extraordinary, (TheDoctor). This new split in his mind grows out of the original conflict. His guilt is something that is not completely shown, but it is present. Raskolnikov believes, even as a convict in a Siberian labor camp, that his crime would have been something understandable had not the pawnbrokers innocent sister walked in and seen him. Raskolnikovs guilt grows due to those he is closest to. Sonia encourages Raskolnikov to confess his crime because it is the only way he could be redeemed. Even with the one he loves most telling him to confess, Raskolnikovs pride is still present and he possesses a need to prove that he is truly a superior being. With all these desires going on in his head Raskolnikov does not know how to swallow his pride and accept that the only way he can exist is through repentance. In his insanity Raskolnikov is driven to do many fanatical things as he abandons his sister, mother, and best friend, and nearly lets the truth, that he committed the murders, slip out. He is once again alienated from everyone, except Sonia. The relationship between Raskolnikov and Sonia grows strong and he learns to trust her. In the books final scene Raskolnikov finds himself in a state of near delirium at the police station, and he confesses his crime, (Unknown). This quotation explains Raskolnikovs mental condition as the story is coming near to a close. Raskolnikov is so taken by his insanity that he wonders through the city in an attempt to publicly confess. He is so horrified by the crowd that he cannot bring himself to do the confession publicly. His mind could barely function as he walked into the police station where he would finally declare his guilt and own up to his crime. When he hears of the suicide of someone he knows he becomes so confused that he walks out of the po lice station. His mind is now so weak that he can be sidetracked easily. He reenters the station when he sees Sonia, the one who has finally convinced him to confess. It seems as though she has to actually control his mind in the final scenes in order for him to have enough strength to confess. Crime and Punishment, as a novel, contains many ideas of the author Fyodor Dostoevsky. Nearly everything in the book revolves around his character Raskolnikov. Raskolnikovs inner-struggle accounts for a majority of the novel. From his love for his family, to his devotion to his friends, and even his willingness to risk his life for strangers, he can be considered good. Due to his selfishness and pride, which he allows to alienate him from society, he may be considered just the opposite. When these multiple personalities mix with the ideals he has created during his extended periods of separation from others, it generates a man whose mind is torn into many directions. Raskolnikov is unable to choose his own direction and allows chance to control his actions. He is close to going completely insane and he probably would have if not for the relationship formed with Sonia in which she takes the place of chance and guides Raskolnikov in the direction of redemption. Impact of Television: The Kennedy Nixon Debates Impact of Television: The Kennedy Nixon Debates Why were the Kennedy-Nixon debates in 1960 so important for the political influence of American television? Introduction The debates between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon in the last days of the 1960 presidential campaign have become both famous (in the American public’s imagination) and influential (in determining the nature of subsequent political campaigns, not only in America but in other western democracies as well). These debates were watched by more than 70 million viewers in America (and millions more listened on the radio). However, before the start of the campaign, it was by no means clear that Kennedy would win. At the beginning of 1960, President Eisenhower was still a popular candidate, and would have won had he been allowed by the constitution to stand for a third term. Lyndon Johnson had a regionalised support based in the South, Kennedy seemed far too young and inexperienced, and Vice-President Nixon did not have the confidence of the electorate.[1] These television debates (the first time that a presidential debate had been televised) were therefore crucial in winning the elect ion for John Kennedy, and for securing the defeat of Nixon, though the television (and the image created from being on television) had never before played such a pivotal role in an election campaign. How did this come about? Television as crucial to Kennedy’s campaign Kennedy formalised his declaration for the presidency on 2nd January 1960, which some professional politicians felt was too early to begin a presidential campaign. Kennedy realised that he had a problem, but he was forced both by his own inexperience (he needed more time to prove himself) and by the hostility he faced from senior members of the Democrat party. In order to stand any change of being nominated, Kennedy needed to make his campaign open and public, and importantly, to use television to create a good public image, to attract the public, and to excite the voters by presenting himself as the candidate best qualified to take America forward into this promising new era, embodied by hope and optimism.[2] Kennedy also had to overcome several problems that would have had a hugely negative impact on his public image: he suffered from chronic poor health and he was promiscuous, despite his prominent and public marriage to Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953 at a society wedding in Newport, Rhode Island, in front of a crowd of 3,000. It is notable that Kennedy managed to keep this aspect of his personal life quiet only because the media paid no attention the private lives of those in office, but this was in 1960, and before Kennedy was about to remake politicians as television celebrities. Kennedy managed both to overcome these detractors to his image, and to create a positive image despite others’ criticisms of his ability to hold office, by appealing straight to voters, via the new mass media technology of television and television marketing; this was a remaking of American politics.[3] The medium is the message It is the nature of the medium of television, with its combination of visual and audio clues, and its instant, mass communication, that a great many people can come to an instant judgement of a candidate based not only on what he says, but also on how he says it. The first presidential debate was key; all three subsequent debates were based upon the Kennedy’s initial television success. It is interesting to compare the television with the radio debate for an example of how influential the television debate was, and for how it would secure the primacy of the medium of television over radio, something which has not yet been changed in the modern age of political electioneering. Radio listeners rated Nixon the victor in these debates, while television viewers believed that Kennedy had won. If there was such a clear difference between views on different media, then it must be the case that the nature of the media is the explanation. On television, viewers could see a Kennedy who w as well-dressed, handsome and articulate (in other words, a political celebrity) against a poorly presented and badly dressed Nixon. Neither candidate had in actual fact any great difference between them in terms of their political policies; Kennedy was just incredibly successful at emphasising his dynamism, youth, vigour and optimism, in other words, a triumph of style over political substance. The voter turn-out of the election shows just how good Kennedy was at stimulation the interest of the electorate via his good image-presentation. The turn-out (in terms of percentage of adults of voting age casting votes) was the highest it had ever been in the history of American politics, especially among African American voters, whose vote Kennedy had managed to secure by his high-profile association with the civil rights movement.[4] President as celebrity: the focus on image The television debates greatly advanced the popular image of Kennedy. For example, many people had thought that Kennedy was too young (he was the first American president to take office born in the 20th century, at age 43)[5] and too inexperienced to take office. This would have been a serious criticism of the would-be president, and in fact, this was only dispelled by his appearance on television, something that Kennedy himself later admitted: â€Å"We wouldn’t have had a prayer without that gadget†.[6] He came across as cool, calm and collected, with poise and knowledge enough to endure the responsibility of holding presidential office.[7] It was these presidential debates in 1960 that really propelled Kennedy to power, on the back of the positive public image he had generated. In fact, so successful was the careful management of presidential appearance on television, that the image of Kennedy as youthful, dynamic, optimistic and able to ‘seize the momentâ€℠¢ was never lost after his election to office. Instead, Kennedy went on to embody the nascent optimism and expectancy of early 1960s America (and the image of Kennedy as glorious and heroic was established all the more firmly by his assassination on 22nd November, 1963).[8] This was a time when great social plans and movements could be won (the civil rights movement), a time when new frontiers were being expanded and explored (the space race) and a time when many dreamt of increased affluence and economic prosperity.[9] The lesson learnt No one more than failed presidential candidate Nixon was aware of how important creating a positive image on television (and radio) was: â€Å"Looking back on all four of them, [television debates] there can be no question but that Kennedy had gained more from the debates than I.†[10] It is clear that these television debates were crucial for securing electoral success; Nixon failed to win the presidential campaign in 1960, and he attributed this directly to the way his image was managed (especially on television): â€Å"I recognized the basic mistakes I had made. I had concentrated too much on substance and not enough on appearance.†[11] Nixon never made that mistake again. In 1968, when he again ran for president, he made sure that his appearances on television were closely controlled and timed, in order to appear cool, calm, and collected; in other words, just as Kennedy had so successfully appeared in 1960. It worked. Nixon became president in 1968, though he often tried to deny that he was one of the first presidents to realise that image (most easily communicated via the mass media of TV) was crucial to electoral and thence political success: â€Å"I don’t worry about polls. I don’t worry about images†¦I never have.†[12] This, of course, was not true. Nixon expended a great deal of energy into maintaining a good public image,[13] something which no president had done to quite the extent before, and something which has also set a precedent for all subsequent western political campaigns: they have learnt Nixon’s 1960 presidential lesson never ignore the importance of appearing well on television. Conclusion By looking at the Kennedy-Nixon debates of 1960, we can see that they were important because they set the precedent of television having an enormous political influence, in terms of setting up and disseminating an instant and successful public image. The lesson of the importance and influence of television is one that no candidate for office has ever been able to ignore, either in America or wherever television has a widespread hold on mass-media communications. Bibliography Barnouw, E., The Image Empire (New York, Oxford University Press, 1972) Havel, J.T., US Presidential Candidates and the Elections: A Biographical and Historical Guide (New York, Simon Schuster Macmillan, 1996) Nixon, R.M., Six Crises (London, W.H.Allen, 1962) Paper, L.J., The Promise and the Performance: The Leadership of John. F.Kennedy (New York, Crown Publishers Inc., 1975) Rorabaugh, W.J., Kennedy and the Promise of the Sixties (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002) 1 Footnotes [1] Rorabaugh, 2002, 6. [2] ibid., 2002, 7. [3] ibid., 2002, 13. [4] Rorabaugh, 2002, 17. [5] Havel, 1996, 318. [6] Barnouw, 1972, 169. [7] Paper, 1975, 300-301. [8] Havel, 1996, 318. [9] Rorabaugh, 2002, x. [10] Nixon, 1962, 384. [11] ibid., 366 [12] From a rare interview with Nixon conducted by Barbara Walters in March 1971 on the â€Å"Today† programme on NBC television. [13] For example, the highly stage-managed presidential visit to China in 1972, in which Nixon was concerned to impress upon the electorate’s mind the image of a presidential diplomat, succeeding in establishing good relations with a country who had been an outspoken critic of America for over 20 years. He did this, of course, via a carefully controlled media campaign, which often seemed like a campaign for some new consumer item. Genotyping ApoE Variants: For Early Diagnosis of ARC Genotyping ApoE Variants: For Early Diagnosis of ARC Neven Abushaban Genotyping ApoE variants:  Predictor of rare cancer in young adults According to Yamashiro (2017), The rare ApoE related cancer (ARC) occurs in mostly in young adults with 80% of all cases being in people between the ages of 20-30 years old. ARC is unbiased to gender and there is evidence that it is a hereditary disease linked to the inheritance of eight variants of the gene Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), that are spread out through the gene, including two that are in intronic sequences. These alleles seem to be recessive with some of them that when they are recessive homozygotes being strong predictors of ARC. It was also sometimes found that when there is heterozygosity of two recessive ApoE alleles, one being ApoE4, can act as recessive homozygotes. However, ApoE4 has the weakest association with cancer at less than 2%, but when another ApoE allele is present the ApoE4 allele pairs as a normal ApoE gene (Yamashiro, 2017a). The ApoE gene encodes for the apolipoprotein E which combines with fats in the body to form lipoproteins (US National Library of Medicine, 2017). The ApoE lipoproteins are responsible for maintaining normal cholesterol levels in the bloodstream and the brain by transporting cholesterol and other fats in the bloodstream and assisting deposition of amyloids and the clearing of deposits from the parenchyma of the brain (Garg Roth, 2015). The allele ApoE4 has the weakest link to ARC, less than 2% and when it pairs with another recessive ApoE allele they seem to be equivalent to a normal ApoE gene (Yamashiro, 2017a). Some variants of the ApoE gene increase the risk of developing heart disease, Alzheimers diseases (AD), and ARC. Compared to the other alleles ApoE 4 increases the risk for AD and it was also found to be a risk factor cerebral amyloid angiopathy, dementia, and multiple sclerosis (Zhong, et al., 2016). Tests for Genotyping ApoE Variants Early detection of ApoE alleles that are high-risk factors for ARC is necessary for the most effective treatment of the cancer. It is essential to use rapid and cost-effective tests to genotype all 8 recessive alleles of ApoE to determine carrier status of the recessive alleles and homozygosity of the recessive alleles that will most likely lead to ARC development. There are several test methods for ApoE genotyping and this case study will focus on RT-PCR, Oligonucleotide Microarrays, and Next Generation Sequencing. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was conceptualized by Kary Mullis in 1983 and it has the ability to amplify specific nucleic acid sequences exponentially in a short amount of time. PCR amplification is achieved through multiple cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension in a thermocycler that controls the temperature for each cycle (Kuslick, Chul, Yamashiro, 2008). In the denaturation step the reaction mix (which contains the DNA template that will be amplified, a pair of primers, Taq polymerase, the four building blocks of the DNA which are the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP,and dTTP), a salt with Mg2+ (a divalent cation), and a buffer) is heated for some time to cause the double-stranded DNA to dissociate in preparation for hybridization of the primers onto the DNA template. During the annealing step, the temperature is brought down in order for the primers hybridize on each DNA strand. Finally, in the extension step, the thermostable DNA polymerase, the Taq polymerase synthesizes the DNA strands with the primers to make new complementary DNA strands (Kuslick et al, 2008). The amplicons, which are the amplified double stranded deoxyribonucleic acids, are visualized as bands by agarose gel electrophoresis. Conventional PCR is useful for DNA amplification; however, it has a time-consuming procedure and data analysis of the results as each marker needs to be investigated separately by PCR, thus taking a long time to get to a final diagnosis (Irshad et al, 2016). Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) is a PCR technique that allows for visualization of the DNA while it is amplifying by the addition of a fluorescent primer/probe to the reaction mix and running the reaction under ultraviolet light with a video camera recording each cycle, and translating the data into an amplification curve (Valasek Repa, 2005). RT-PCR has the capability of genotyping all eight ApoE gene variants through SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) genotyping using TaqMan technology by amplifying each variant in a separate tube using a forward and reverse primer specific for each target sequence of the alleles. TaqMan is an RT-PCR system from Roche and utilizes a primer/probe with a reporter dye and a quencher dye attached, for visualization and follows a similar protocol to that of conventional PCR. The difference is, however, when the Taq polymerase is extending the DNA it encounters the probe and a 5-3 exonuclease activity will cleave the probe which in turn untethers the reporte r dye away from the quencher dye releasing the signal from the reporter dye and the signal is then measured by the equipment that the reaction is being conducted in (Zhong, et al., 2016). Some advantages of SNP TaqMan RT-PCR are that it is a closed reaction system which reduces the risk of contamination of amplicons, has very little labor in the protocol, and takes less than a day to get to a final diagnosis. A disadvantage is that requires an RT-PCR machine that can read data at real time rather than using a fluorescence reader used for conventional PCR (Geyer, Reisbig, Hanson, 2012). Non-technical Parameters. When designed optimally the primers for RT-PCR can be very accurate with high specificity and sensitivity of the results. There are many companies other than Roche, like Thermo Fisher Scientific that offer a variety of TaqMan assay formats for real-time PCR such as singles, 96-well plates, 384 microfluidic cards, and openArray plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2017). The cost per assay for TaqMan can be from around $3 and goes up to $350 (Science Exchange, 2017a). Oligonucleotide Microarrays DNA microarray technology was originally designed to measure the RNA transcriptional levels of genes in a genome. With this technology, it is now possible gene expression patterns for studying diseases, disease progression, detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and identification for drug targeting. Microarrays use single stranded DNA sequences as probes just like in PCR to form complementary hybrids with the target DNA sequences to measure the expression of multiple genes. Thousands of DNA probes for the target sequences are bound, synthesized, or spotted to a silicon chip wafer similar to those used for computer microchips. There are two main types of DNA microarray chips methodologies and it depends on the type of probes that are to be spotted (Trevno, Faclciani, Barrera-Saldaà ±a, 2007). One type was developed by Affymetrix that is adapted from the manufacturing of semiconductors and synthesizes short single-stranded oligonucleotides, about 22 nucleotides in length, in situ onto the wafer (Trevno et al, 2007) (Yamashiro, 2017c). The second type uses reverse transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) to get complementary DNA (cDNA) for the cloning of the double-stranded DNA gene sequence, and then amplification of the open reading frames using PCR. The cDNA are the probes bounds to the wafer. A limitation of the cDNA method is that there is an uneven melting temperature due to the differences in the CG- content of the large open reading frames or cDNA sequence probes. There is also non-specific hybridization from overlapped genes, related sequences, and variations in splicing. The oligonucleotide method i s designed in such a way that overcomes that of the cDNA probes, by designing the oligonucleotide probes to be complementary to the target sequence and redundantly detect the target segments (Pastinen, et al., 2000) (Trevno, 2007). The extracted nucleic acid sequences are labeled with fluorescent dyes and are hybridized onto the DNA array through incubation and afterward, non-specific hybrids are washed off. The fluorescent dyes are detected through a laser in a confocal scanner that excites them and then produces a digital image of the microarray. Special software is used to analyze the image that assigns a final reading of a value that is relative to concentration in each spot of the probe of the target sequence being measured. There are some microarray methods that are competitive two-dye assays that uses two types of fluorophore dyes, one for the target sequence and the other for the reference sample (Trevno, 2007). The microarray reading assigns a ratio of the two dyes equal to the amount of the target sequence to the reference sample. This method is suitable to for measuring a small number of genes (Trevno, 2007). Frequently the oligonucleotide microarray method is used for large scale multiplex genotyping of multiple alleles, mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), and it would be the method of choice for genotyping the ApoE alleles (Pastinen, et al., 2000). Chromosomal microarray is a type of oligonucleotide microarray, that is commonly used in clinical laboratories as a genetic test for analyses of genomic copy number, SNP, karyotyping for visualization and analyses of chromosomal rearrangements like gains and losses (Miller, et al., 2010). Each ApoE variant sequence would be identified using two to three oligonucleotides for the sense and antisense strands. The array would have data points for the sense and antisense primers for analyses in order to reduce the occurrence of false positives. A genotyping software would then identify the variant sequences in each patient tested (Schrijver, 2005). A downside of microarrays is that for some genetic carrier screening, such as Cystic Fibrosis carriers, a second tier of testing is often required to prove carrier status. The second tier is usually a more comprehensive test such as differential gradient gel electrophoresis or denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by direct DNA sequencing to characterize the mutations identified by scanning techniques (Schrijver, 2005). Non-technical Parameters. A con of oligonucleotide microarrays is that they can take from a week to a month to get to a diagnostic result, but they do, however, have 80 98% analytical sensitivity and specificity. A pro is that the test can cost anywhere from $25 to $800 per sample, but still more expensive that TaqMan (Science Exchange, 2017b). Next Generation Sequencing DNA sequencing is the gold standard when it comes to genetic tests, however, its high costs make it difficult for routine use (Schrijver, 2005). In recent years there have been advances in DNA sequencing through Next Generation technologies (NGS), as they afford higher throughput and speed. There are three common NGS platforms, which are Roche 454, Illumina, and AB SOLiD. They are similar in that they measure and analyze signals that are emitted through a second strand of DNA to sequence the DNA. The way the second DNA strand is generated is where these platforms differ. Template DNA is split into smaller pieces, amplified, and then attached on a surface before sequencing (Pabinger, et al., 2014). In the Roche 454 platform, DNA sequence fragments are ligated onto oligonucleotide adapters on beads that go through emulsion PCR that amplifies the DNA to amplify the copy number of the DNA fragments. The beads are diluted, then a single bead is dropped into each microwell of PicoTiterPlate. Pyrosequencing is then conducted by adding enzymes for sequencing and triphosphate nucleotides bases that release pyrophosphates when the bases encounter complementary bases on the DNA sequence that are on the beads. This produces light that is recorded detected by a CCD camera that denotes the triphosphate nucleotide base type in the DNA sequence in each well. This method is error prone as it misidentifies the length of nucleotides with identical bases (homopolymers) (Hodkinson Grice, 2015). The Illumina approach is the most widely used NGS platform because of it allows a large amount of data to be generated, with a low error rate and is cost effective. This method avoids homopolymers by using a sequencing by synthesis method that uses reversible dye terminators with one nucleotide per sequencing cycle (Hodkinson Grice, 2015). The dye terminators are washed over a flow cell that has the oligonucleotides immobilized on it and had been hybridized with the DNA fragments. After the dye terminator has attached, the unbound nucleotides are washed away and the flow cell is imaged. Since the dye terminator is reversible it can be washed away after each cycle to get the identity of the next base pair. Illumina sequences shorter fragments, about 35 100 base pairs and uses a special program that uses an algorithm to determine the sequence (Hodkinson Grice, 2015) (Yamashiro, 2017d). The AB SOLiD platform is similar to 454, in that it starts with emulsion PCR but uses a sequences-by-litigation approach (Hodkinson Grice, 2015). The DNA libraries are sequenced by by 8 base-probe ligation which contains ligation site (the first base), cleavage site (the fifth base) (Liu, et al., 2012). Di-based probes that are fluorescently labeled with four dyes, ligate to the DNA sequence and produce a fluorescent signal that is recorded. The sequences are read in multiple cycles since at least the first two bases are read with high confidence. This redundancy of this method reduces its error rate (Liu, et al., 2012) (Yamashiro, 2017d). Non-technical Parameters. To cut time and money anyone of the NGS platforms could be used to only analyze chromosome 19 since that is where the ApoE protein is located. Roche 454 is the most expensive of the three starting at $8000 per sample and Illumina the cheapest with tests starting at $35 per sample. An advantage of the NGS technologies is the amount of data it can generate like mapping parts of or the whole genome of the individual and can be more sensitive to detecting rare sequences among related sequences (Hurd Nelson, 2009). Genotyping Methodologies Methods Cost per sample Time to result Analytical Sensitivity Analytical Specificity SNP TaqMan RT-PCR $3-$225 >98% >98% Oligonucleotide Microarray Chip $25-$800 1 week 1 month 80-98% 80-98% NGS platforms: Roche 454 $8,000-$9,797 1 day Illumina $35-$2,950 2-3 days >98% >98% AB SOLiD N/A > 1 week 80-98% 80-98% Results The SNP TaqMan RT-PCR test method would be the system of choice for genotyping the ApoE alleles. It has the highest analytical sensitivity and specificity and the most cost efficient. Although it does not give as much information as the NGS platforms in terms of epigenetics and genome mapping, it does get the job done within a reasonable amount of time. Microarrays and NGS need specialized software to perform bioinformatic analysis of the results to get a final diagnosis (Liu, et al., 2012) (Miller, et al., 2010). Whereas with SNP TaqMan each reaction tube has specific forward and reverse primers for each ApoE allele and can be visualized in real time, making it the easiest to use and fastest to get to a result (Zhong, et al., 2016). Table 1 compares the different technologies explained earlier for genotyping methods. Illumina is the only other technology that can compare to SNP TaqMan RT-PCR in terms of sensitivity and specificity, but it takes a bit longer and the cost can easily g o up to thousands of dollars (Science Exchange, 2017b). Validation. In order to develop the TaqMan RT-PCR assay, primers for each ApoE allele are designed through a software through a software such as Beacon Designer 7. An analysis is then done using sequences submitted to a database like GenBank on the primers/probes sequences to evaluate their ability to anneal to the target variants, by means of a BLAST analysis (Geyer et al, 2012). The primer/probe sequences that annealed with a 100% specificity to the target variants only, are chosen and are labeled with a different reporter fluorophore dye (e.g. FAM, TET, HEX) at the 5 end and a quencher dye (e.g. TAMRA) at the 3 end (Geyer et al, 2012) (Kutyavin, et al., 2000). The probes are then ordered from a company that manufactures probes for TaqMan such as Bioresearch Technologies in Novato, CA (Qu, Wanner, Christ, 2011). The next steps would be to optimize the PCR assay by testing the parameters of the different components that get put into the master mix, the concentrations of MgCl2, primers/probes, DNA template, dNTPs, Taq polymerase, and buffer concentration. These are tested using a thermocycler that is equipped for TaqMan PCR, where the temperatures and timing for each step in the cycle are also adjusted to get optimal annealing, hybridization, and amplification of the DNA. The Ct value (cycle threshold) which is the number of cycles in a run that crosses the threshold is determined. Anything above the threshold is a positive indicator that the allele being tested is present (Qu et al, 2011). For validation of the ApoE TaqMan PCR assay, the results are compared to results from a DNA sequencing analysis. The ApoE fragments are amplified by PCR with the designed primer/probes and then the products purified and sequenced by a DNA sequencer like the ABI 3730XL DNA Sequencer by Applied Biosystems (Zhong, et al., 2016). Discussion Eight ApoE alleles are linked to ARC disease and it has been determined the TaqMan RT-PCR would be the best assay to test for these alleles. Screening for ARC related alleles before cancer develops is very beneficial for early treatment before the disease develops or progresses too far and will result in greater longevity (Katsanis Katsanis, 2013). Testing for ARC may lead to the diagnosis of a highly likely predisposition to AD because of its strong link to the ApoE4 allele. With the ApoE4 gene the mean age to develop AD is 68 with a 91% chance for homozygotes, 76 years old with a 47% chance for heterozygotes, and 84 years old with 20% for people who do not carry the allele (Zhong, et al., 2016). There is an ethical dilemma when it is revealed that a patient has the ApoE4 allele, since exposing genetic risk is a complex issue, as it not only shows risk for the patient but also to the patients family member who may also have the allele. They would have to reveal to their relatives t hat they have the ApoE4 allele and that they should also get tested. The cost of testing for the just one allele would be low since it would not require a large amount of DNA sequencing, a simple PCR test would be sufficient. It also reveals to the patient that they may pass on this gene to their offspring, which might become a burden on them from having any future children. If they are not in a relationship they would also feel pressure that they have to reveal that they are carriers to future partners (Arribas-Ayllon, 2011). There is no clear benefit to early disclosure of the predisposition of getting AD to young adults because there is no medical intervention available. The psychological harm from the revelation of being a carrier of the ApoE4 allele outweigh the benefits of disclosure. Clinicians may feel that they dont need to need to reveal to a patient their risk of AD when they have a genotypic test for ARC. As of now, there are no guidelines for clinicians on deciding whether the association between a gene and disease have sufficient clinical validity and usefulness to justify disclosure (Green, et al., 2009).   References      Ã‚   Garg, S., Roth, K. S. (2015, February 21). Alzheimer Disease and APOE-4. Retrieved from Medscape: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1787482-overview Geyer, C. N., Reisbig, M. D., Hanson, N. D. (2012). Development of a TaqMan Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Plasmid-Mediated AmpC ÃŽÂ ²-Lactamase Genes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 3722-3725. Hodkinson, B. P., Grice, E. A. (2015). Next-Generation Sequencing: A Review of Technologies and Tools for Wound Microbiome Research. Advances in Wound Care, 50-58. Hurd, P. J., Nelson, C. J. (2009). Advantages of next-generation sequencing versus the microarray in epigenetic research. Brief Funct Genomics, 174-183. Irshad, M., Gupta, P., Mankotia, D. S., Ansari, M. A. (2016). Multiplex qPCR for serodetection and serotyping of hepatitis viruses: A brief review. World J Gastroenterol, 4824-4834. Katsanis, S., Katsanis, N. (2013). Molecular genetic testing and the. Nature REviews, 413-426. Kuslick, C. D., Chul, B., Yamashiro, C. T. (2008). Overview of PCR. Current Protocols Essential Laboratory Technique, 10.2.1-10.2.31. Kutyavin, I. V., Afonina, I. A., Mills, A., Gorn, V. V., Lukhtanov, E. A., Belousov, E. S., . . . Hedgpeth, J. (2000). 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-Minor groove binder-DNA probes increase sequence specificity at PCR extension temperatures. Nucleic Acid Research, 655-661. Liu, L., Li, Y., Hu, N., He, Y., Pong, R., Lin, D., Law, M. (2012). Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Systems. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 11 pages. Meistertzheim, A.-L., Calves, I., Artigaud, S., Carolyn , F. S., Paillard, C., Laroche , J., Ferec , C. (2012, 5 15). High Resolution Melting Analysis for fast and cheap polymorphism screening of marine populations. Retrieved from Nature: http://www.nature.com/protocolexchange/protocols/2383/uploads Miller, D. T., Adam , M. P., Aradhya, S., Biesecker, L. G., Brothman, A. R., Carter, N. P., . . . Ledbetter, D. H. (2010). Consensus Statement: Chromosomal Microarray Is a First-Tier Clinical Diagnostic Test for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities or Congenital Anomalies. The American Society of Human Genetics, 749-764. Pabinger, S., Dander, A., Fischer, M., Snajder, R., Sperk, M., Efremova, M., . . . Trajanoski, Z. (2014). A Survey of tools for variant analysis of next-generation genome sequencing data. Brief Bioinform, 256-278. Pastinen, T., Raitio, M., Lindroos, K., Tainola, P., Peltonen, L., Syvanen, A.-C. (2000). A System for Specific, High-throughput Genotyping by Allele-specific Primer Extension on Microarrays. Genome Research, 1031-1042. Schrijver, I., Oitmaa, E., Metspalu, A., Gardner, P. (2005). Genotyping Microarray for the Detection of More Than 200 CFTR Mutations in Ethnically Diverse Populations. American Society for Investigative Pathology and the Association for Molecular Pathology, 375-387. Science Exchange. (2017a, 2 19). TaqMan assays. Retrieved from Science Exchange: https://www.scienceexchange.com/services/taqman-assays Science Exchange. (2017b, 21 2). Science Exchange. Retrieved from Affymetrix DNA microarray: https://www.scienceexchange.com/services/affymetrix-dna-microarray Science Exchange. (2017c, 2 21). NGS Platforms. Retrieved from Science Exchange: https://www.scienceexchange.com/services/illumina-ngs Thermo Fisher Scientific. (2017, 2 19). Why Choose TaqMan Assays. Retrieved from Thermo Fischer: https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/pcr/real-time-pcr/real-time-pcr-assays/why-choose-taqman-assays.html Trevno, V., Faclciani, F., Barrera-Saldaà ±a, H. A. (2007). DNA Microarrays: a Powerful Genomic Tool for Biomedical and Clinical Research. Molecular Medicine, 527-541. US National Library of Medicine. (2017, February 14). APOE gene. Retrieved from Genetics Home Reference: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/APOE Valasek, M. A., Repa, J. J. (2005). The power of real-time PCR. Advances in Physiology Education, 151-159. Yamashiro, C. (2017a, February 14). Course Project. Tempe, Arizona, USA. Yamashiro, C. (2017b). Unit 3, Real-Time (RT) PCR or Quantitative (qRT) PCR. BMD 598 Molecular Diagnostics. Yamashiro, C. (2017c). Unit 3, DNA microarrays. BMD 598 Molecular Diagnostics. Yamashiro, C. (2017d). Next Generation Sequencing. BDM 598 Molecular Diagnostics. Zhong, L., Xie, Y.-Z., Cao, T.-T., Wang, Z., Wang, T., Li, X., . . . Chen, X.-F. (2016). A rapid and cost-effective method for genotyping apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 1-8.

Intellectual Freedom Essay -- Essays Papers

Intellectual Freedom The History of Intellectual Freedom and Censorship Threats to intellectual freedom have existed since the printed word. History has seen bitter censorship battles over what should and should not be published, sold, and read. The fight for intellectual freedom has been long and complex, and many agencies have been involved in the process. For example, in 1954, libraries had difficulty importing materials from behind the Iron Curtain. The post office had taken on the role of the censor and had labeled certain papers "unmailable" and refused to deliver them (Newsletter, January, 1954, 7). The Civil Rights era was also a difficult time for our country, and libraries were not exempt from its pressures. On August 11, 1962, a federal court ordered the public library in Montgomery, Alabama to desegregate its reading and browsing areas. The very next day in Albany, Georgia, "several Negro youths went into the public library, [and] the building was immediately closed 'indefinitely in the interest of public safety'" (Newsletter, October, 1962, 1). Even as late as 1962, intellectual freedom was still a dream. There was not equal access to information. The reaction of this library actually impeded the access to all users in an attempt to discriminate against the few. We believe rather that what people read is deeply important - that ideas can be dangerous - but that the suppression of ideas is fatal to a democratic society. Today the ALA takes the stand of anti-censorship, but as illustrated, that was not always the case in the United States. In the 19th and much of the 20th centuries, librarians felt it their duty to restrict access to library materials to children and adults. Librarians were admonished "to ob... ... to dominate to the library field. Intellectual freedom is a world-wide problem and is very complex. It includes all forms of information, access to all users, and censorship. Librarians face many pressures when dealing with users and providers of information. There is pressure from parents, religious groups, administrators, and government agencies to restrict access to certain materials. Sometimes they win and sometimes they lose, but librarians "do not state these propositions in the comfortable belief that what people read is unimportant. We believe rather that what people read is deeply important - that ideas can be dangerous - but that the suppression of ideas is fatal to a democratic society. Freedom itself is a dangerous way of life, but it is ours" (From the Freedom to Read Statement as quoted in Rubin 161). Librarians continue to fight for that freedom today.

Immanuel Kant on law and justice Essay

To be moral living human beings there must be a guiding action. This action varies depending on the degree of obligation: law, rule or maxim. A law should promote and protect the common good. Above all, a law must be just and reasonable to follow. A rule is a prescribed guide for conduct or action that indicates how we ought to act to behave in certain situations. Rules are not strictly legislated but are nevertheless obligatory guidelines for actions. A maxim is a general truth or rule of conduct. Immanuel Kant’s political teaching may be summarized in a phrase: republican government and international organization. In more characteristically Kantian terms, it is doctrine of the state based upon the law (Rechtsstaat) and of eternal peace. Indeed, in each of these formulations, both terms express the same idea: that of legal constitution or of â€Å"peace through law. Rechtsstaat is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originally borrowed from German jurisprudence, which can be translated as a â€Å"legal state†, â€Å"state of law†, â€Å"state of justice†, â€Å"state of rights† or â€Å"state based on justice and integrity†. It is a â€Å"constitutional state† in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by the law, and is often tied to the Anglo-American concept of the rule of law, but differs from it in that it also places an emphasis on what is just (i. e. a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion or equity). In a Rechtsstaat, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of authority. In a Rechtsstaat the citizens share legally-based civil liberties and they can use the courts. A country cannot be a liberal democracy without first being a Rechtsstaat. German writers usually place Immanuel Kant’s theories at the beginning of their accounts of the movement toward the Rechtsstaat. Kant’s approach is based on the supremacy of a country’s written constitution. This supremacy must create guarantees for implementation of his central idea: a permanent peaceful life as a basic condition for the happiness of its people and their prosperity. Kant proposed that constitutionalism and constitutional government ought to be sufficient to guarantee this happiness. Kant had thus formulated the main problem of constitutionalism: â€Å"The constitution of a state is eventually based on the morals of its citizens, which, in its turn, is based on the goodness of this constitution. † A Kantian justice system would thus solely focus on what was done, rather than on the character of the person who did it. No excuses regarding a criminal’s genome, upbringing, history of mental illness, or socioeconomic status can exonerate him from receiving punishment for the criminal act. The fact that a man was abused during his childhood does not justify his infliction of similar abuse on others later in life. Many duties are developed into laws because society has deemed them important for the protection of the individual. There are some laws that are written to safe guard the individual and others for the community. All laws must be written to uphold society which includes protecting the rights of all people in both the majority and minority consequently all laws must possess certain common traits. Immanuel Kant believed that all humans are born inherently bad and must try hard to be good. This model of thought is of immense help to understanding what actions Kant saw as necessary for the creation of justice within the real world, since, once again, every individual’s worldview is based upon that individual’s own set of experiences. â€Å"Pure reason is a perfect unity; and therefore, if the principle presented by it proves to be insufficient for the solution of even a single one of those questions to which the very nature of reason gives birth, we must reject it, as we could not be perfectly certain of its sufficiency in the case of the others†. (Critique of Pure Reason, 3) Kant on Contemporary Issues Contemporary Issue: A proposal by the government to legalize theft. According to Immanuel Kant’s theories and views he would try to oppose this law. The general definition of theft is the taking of another person’s property without that person’s permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. Immanuel Kant would consider this an immoral action on the individual’s part therefore resulting in punishment. When someone is punished for something it is because they did something abominable. Humans act not only on impulse as effected by laws of nature, but also out of conscience choice based on principles and these principles tell us how we ought to act. Our conscience as a capacity has a fundamental sense of value and personal responsibility. If theft were to be legalized, it would result in a never-ending chain of people committing evil actions to further their own need. People would become more selfish and greedy. Because Kant believes humans are born inherently bad we must strive every day to avoid temptation which we can only be redeemed by good behaviour and the grace of God. This would also go against Kant’s ideal justice system. â€Å"Nothing can escape our notice; for what reason produces from itself cannot lie concealed, but must be brought to the light by reason itself, as soon as we have discovered the common principle of the ideas we seek. † (Critique of Pure Reason, 5). Kant’s theory is his belief that it should always be possible, within our power, to do the right thing. Kant believes that rational humans are agents, they have plans, and they make deliberate choices. It is this fact about humans that Kant’s ethical theory seeks to enshrine and protect. Human agency should never be sacrificed for anything less valuable and everything is less valuable. Justice has a moral obligation to always do. The first duty of justice is to never treat people as mere means to one’s own ends. But treating a person as an end in themselves is to do more than respect this duty: it is also to assist them in achieving their morally lawful ends. For these reasons Immanuel Kant would not allow to legalize theft. Our government, justice duty and morality would all be altered if such a thing were to happen and that was Kant’s biggest fear that our humanity would be consumed by materialistic things. We need laws and peace in order for us, as people, to be rational human beings. Work Cited: â€Å"Germany. † – Understandings of the Rule of Law – Wikis Der Freien UniversitA ¤t Berlin. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. Kant, Immanuel, J. M. D. Meiklejohn, Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, James Creed Meredith, Immanuel Kant, Immanuel Kant, and Immanuel Kant. The Critique of Pure Reason. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 1955. Print. Rauscher, Frederick, Rauscher,. â€Å"Kant’s Social and Political Philosophy. † Stanford University. Stanford University, 24 July 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. â€Å"Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment. † Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013.

Equality and Diversity Essay Example

Equality and Diversity Essay Example Equality and Diversity Essay Equality and Diversity Essay This essay examines the cardinal factors that influence inclusive acquisition and instruction in the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector. Teaching methods will change harmonizing to what you want to acquire out of the session. what the scholars are able to accomplish within the clip frame. what stuffs and resources are available. what you are learning. the demands of the scholars and your personal manner. This could be formal. informal or a mixture of both. Formal learning methods include lectors. presentations and presentations. Informal learning includes treatments. group work and practical activities. As I will be learning within the Beauty Therapy my lessons would be a mixture of both these bringing methods. Each activity within the schoolroom will dwell of instruction and acquisition activities which are balanced to run into the different demands of my scholars. Blended acquisition incorporates both traditional and computing machine based methods. This is normally referred to as Information larning engineering ( ICT ) this usage of computing machine based engineering to heighten learning methods and resources or develop learner liberty is widely promoted. The other chief instruction methods other than ICT I am choosing to utilize are lectors and presentations. The importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people Actively promoting and being aware of cultural diversity will improve learning, knowledge and understanding of all pupils. To be able to fully support children you need to include their background and culture to build a relationship. This could be in forms of global week, celebrate festivals, trips, RE, displays, books, food, toys and resources and exchange programs. They should be on going promotions not just at certain times of the year. We do all this to promote understanding, acceptance, awareness, to accept other people and eliminate prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. Understand the impacts of prejudice and discrimination on children and young people How Own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and young people Being in a catholic school and being catholic myself it would be easy to reflect my own attitudes and values onto others. However, doing so would alienate and outcast our pupils who have other religious beliefs and cultures. The importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practice in work with children and young people Actively demonstrating anti-discriminatory practice in everything you do to ensure that no pupil feels that their beliefs, race or culture are wrong or unwanted. How to challenge discrimination If you were to come across a group of boys playing football and a girl comes and asks to play, to which the boys respond with â€Å" NO! Girls cant play football† You would take them aside and explain what was said that was discriminatory and why it was discriminatory. Explain how this would effect the girl and how it would make her feel. Suggest what could be done to ensure it doesn’t continue. Any discrimination needs to be reported to your superior at school. In cases of racism, this should be reported to the head teacher. Understand inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people What is meant by inclusion and inclusive practices Inclusion is about giving everyone the same chance at all opportunities. Ensuring that pupils, whatever their situation can fully join in with all aspects of school life. Inclusive practice is the way schools recognise barriers and understand the need to overcome them and implement it in order to include pupils. Inclusive practice is adapting and implementing the needs of all pupils in school. Features of a inclusive setting for children and young people Features of an inclusive setting Adapted toilets Resources Wide doors and corridors Room size Chair size for child Ramps Multi language welcome poster Adapted car park Bilingual speaker

Jim Morrison Biography essays

Jim Morrison Biography essays In American culture, there is an image of the tortured artist who abuses alcohol or drugs. Edgar Allan Poe, Jackson Pollock and Kurt Cobain are a few examples. Several of the writers we have read so far, including Baldwin, Hemingway, Faulkner, and Carver had serious problems with alcohol. Some, like Carver, chose to get sober, while others did not. Jim Morrison After he completed high school Jim Morrison was about to jump into his own realm of creativity. In 1964, he had moved to the West Coast, and in 1966 he enrolled as a film major at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA). It was at UCLA where Jim Morrison had begun consistently using psychedelic drugs; such as LSD. Jim Morrison had always excelled at school and anything for that matter in what he put his mind to. His IQ was 149. He had met three other individuals somewhat like himself and drugs that brought them together to form a band known as The Doors. Inside of the book on mescaline by English author Aldous Hexleys the band took itsname from the poem written by the poet-visionary-artist William Blake, who had written, When the doors of perception are cleansed, things will appear to man as they truly are...infinite. Morrison was so connected to both works that he proposed, The Doors, to his bandmates. Everyone agreed that the name, as well as the inspiration from which it sprang, was perfect to which it conveyed who they were and clearly representative for what they stood for. Morrisons drinking, exhibitionistic performances, and drug-taking badly affected and input and recordings; but it is what had inspired him to release all of his thoughts and emotions into some great pieces of work while there was still often some bad ramblings...

MLA ARGUMENT RESEARCH PAPER ON CIVIL WAR IN LIBERA Dissertation

MLA ARGUMENT RESEARCH PAPER ON CIVIL WAR IN LIBERA - Dissertation Example Thus, their attack by the America Liberians is totally uncalled for. Adebajo has this to write about the America-Liberians, â€Å"This coastal settler elite established a corrupt, nepotistic system that excluded and oppressed the sixteen main â€Å"up-country† indigenous ethnic groups: the Bassa, Belle, Dei, Gbandi, Gio, Gola, Grebo, Kissi, Kpelle, Krahn, Kru, Loma, Mandingo, Mano, Mende, and Vai† (21). The America-Liberians â€Å"waged several wars against the indigenous peoples of Liberia whom they overran and subjugated as menials.† (Bassey & Oshita 111). The America Liberians are actually the force behind the series of unrest in Liberia as the injustice in the land forced Liberians to react. This is not as if the Liberians were right for staging a civil war in the first place, but the fact remains that the America Liberians should not have targeted innocent people. â€Å"Even though Liberia was established because of the ‘love of liberty’, the h istory of this country has been characterized by different and ugly experiences: political repression, lack of rule of law, social exclusion and deprivation, economic mismanagement, and poor governance.